Bending tonnage calculation formula - Required Tonnage.

 
L (width of the <b>bend</b>), mm - main width of the part to be bended. . Bending tonnage calculation formula

The bending force . First, there are such recommendations in the product manual. Find useful Tonnage Calculator Tools to calculate press brake tonnage, metal punching tonnage and steel bend allowance calculator tools. Capacity Calculator for Rotary Draw Tube Bending P. Calculate the tonnage required to complete a 90° bend with a hydraulic press brake. folding table there is a formula to calculate the necessary tonnage. In this process, the sheet is held between a wipe die and pressure pad, while a punch presses against the edge of the sheet. How to calculate cutting force and press tonnage? Press tonnage (min. The tonnage is fairly linear in proportion with the yield strength. US TON. Inside bend radius (Rp) = die width x percentage. 5 - Stainless steel: 1. UK based providers of press brake tooling and CNC press brake. 3447 = 82. The equation asks for “length of the tool. Where, T= Sheet Thickness. The blank size is computed through the use of the “hem allowance. Weight of Bar Per feet Length (in kg/ft): The weight per bar can be expressed as, Weight per feet = D² / 533. 5 as a multiplier, this may be higher or lower depending on the material you’re bending. 039 0. t = Blank Thickness. { [575 × (material thickness2)] /. Lower roller driven power is: In the above formula: P – Driven power (m • KW) T – Driven force moment (KN • m) n 2 – Lower roller rotation speed (r • min -1 ), n 2 =2 V /d 2 (V is rolling speed) η – transmission efficiency, η=0. Re: Calculating Forging Press Tonnage. The power of the main motor can be obtained from the value of P. 000 + 1. Oct 24, 2018 · Understanding Press Brake Tooling Tonnage Ratings and Calculations. Developed length Should be calculated along the neutral plane by following formula. 22 thg 7, 2021. This is to control the positioning value of the ram when moving up and down. This is also shown in the table. Oct 24, 2018 · There are various ways to measure tonnage capacity in press brake tooling, so it’s important to look beyond the tooling catalog when doing comparisons to really understand the numbers being displayed. 6 about tool selection. Hook Length – 9d. 6R punch tip has been recommended for bending thin sheet metal because: Able to center the punch and die correctly The abrasion of the punch tip 3. When the thickness is more than 10mm, we use 12 times of the sheet thickness. 888 kg per meter. Then press a button and the exact tonnage is revealed to process a 90 degree air bend. 10 = 0. Crespi, 19, MAC 4 – 4°Piano 20159, Milano (MI), Italy Tel. tonnage, in shipping, the total number of tons registered or carried or the total carrying capacity. Math Study SOLVE NOW. to apply this pressure you need a mechanical or hydraulic system capable of. The tool can calculate the required bending force for bending aluminum, stainless steel, mild steel, and Weldox® or Strenx® high-strength steels. ^ Sheet metal bend deduction, archived . This tool allows you to determine tonnage, internal radius, V-die opening and minimum flange. 222 kg per meter. BEND BA FORMULA FOR BASIS OF CALCULATIONS 5/8 (. The calculation is based on the point where yield is broken and the bending starts. 5625 + 1. Use 65 for brass. Use this quick bending calculator tool to input material type and thickness, die and punch parameters, and overall bending length. Since the eight punches have equal cutting surfaces, the. 250 X 25 = 39. 000 X. Hook Length – 9d. 16, the above calculator will not be valid. Estimation of steel quantity is an essential skill of any civil engineer. However, shearing. For example 1. It is listed as a tonnage chart in catalogs, etc. I need to calculate the tonnage required to see if I can bend it on a 90 Ton Niagara 10' Press Brake. Required Tonnage. It is listed as a tonnage chart in catalogs, etc. 28)* L Where ‘D’ and ‘L’ are the diameter and the length of the rebar respectively. Tool placement on the bed, type of bending operation, and other factors come into play. 3447 = 82. The selection of punch tip angle. 0 B 5 ri 1. Discover all our calculation tools in the Calculators section of the top menu. It is listed as a tonnage chart in catalogs, etc. = 12 x. closer to the inside radius (0. With help of this. Tonnage calculations need to be precise in order for a sheet metal tooling project to be successful. The value in the table is the bending pressure when the length of the sheet is one meter: Example: S=4mm L=1000mm V=32mm. Then press a button and the exact tonnage is revealed to process a 90 degree air bend. the bending force: F = (1,42 x TS x S2 x L)/1000 x V. The bending force can be calculated from the sheet thickness, bend length, die edge radius, punch edge radius, and the ultimate tensile strength of the material. Draw Force. 385-271-6718 4106 S. = 0. Basic calculations for press brake tonnage limits are fairly straightforward. Here is an example of how to reduce the tonnage required for a particular stamping application. The tonnage required for a wiping die can be estimated with some degree of accuracy based on a rather simple formula which incorporates the Metal Thickness (MT), the Inside Radius of the Flange (RF), the Outside Radius of the Die (RD), the Tensile Strength of the Material (TS), the Length of the Bend (L). Calculate Press Brake Tonnage in the Palm of your Hand! Calculate Reset The CINCINNATI Press Brake Load Calculator will calculate the tonnage to form a part with the variables of material type, vee die opening, bend length, and material thickness inputted. L= Length of Cut in mm (From CAD Data) T= Thickness in. The Appendix contains a set of charts, graphs, and other helpful tables and guides that should make doing some of the calculations easier or faster. Required Tonnage. 500 x 0. What affect and how to calculate? Make sure safely within tonnage limits. What You Should Use This Calculator For. Allowable Tonnage of Toolings. The bending force can be calculated from the sheet thickness, bend length, die edge radius, punch edge radius, and. The known material is 20 steel and the tensile strength is 400 MPa. The applied load (F) for lifting appliances can be determined by any suitable calculation. Today’s sheet metal designers don’t focus on simple shapes,. Material selection and availability: The availability of suitable materials and their costs can also influence the choice between H Beams and I Beams. F = (1,42 · Ts · s · L) / 1000 · V R = (5 · V) / 32 Where: F = Force, kN - total necessary force to execute the bend s = Thickness, mm - thickness of material to bend V = Width opening, mm - opening of the bending die h = Resting part, mm - minimum necessary length of rest of the sheet before the bend. (Length dimension + Width dimension) x 2. kg/mm2 Kgs. Tonnage: Use the following formula to calculate the tonnage required to punch a round hole in mild steel: Punch diameter x Material Thickness x 80 = Tons of . Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the work during sheet bending. 5 - Aluminum (soft): 0. Total tonnage needed for the job = Tons per inch × Length of bend in inches. However, shearing actually takes place partway through the material; therefore, material shear distance is really only a percentage of the total material thickness. Punch Force (KN) = 80 x 3 x 0. (64~73)—The coefficient of complex forgings is 73, and the simple forgings is 64;. = mm. 25 thg 2, 2019. Hook Length – 9d. L min refers to the shortest bend edge, while Bmin is the minimum mold width. total rebars length = (rebar columns × rebar length) + (rebar_rows ×. Gross tonnage is calculated from the formula GT = K1V, where V is the. The most crucial. How to Calculate Press Brake Tonnage? (Formula, Calculator, Chart ) ; P = Bending force; S = Thickness of sheet; V = Vee opening of the bottom die; B = Min . This tool allows you to determine tonnage, internal radius, V-die opening and minimum flange. Round up to the nearest V Opening on the chart to match to your tooling. Commerce Dr, Murray, UT 84107. For bending the sheet metal with different materials, the key point is to find out the tensile strength of the specific material, then you will get the required bending force by the above formula. Quality problems associated with this method are countered by angle-measuring systems, clamps and. Sep 3, 2012 · Bottom bending, 5. L = (π/180) A (R + 0. The minimum allowable inside radius for an acute bend in an aluminum alloy can be expressed in the following way: Minimum acute flat for aluminum = ( Mt x 2 ) Minimum acute punch radius for aluminum = minimum flat length x 2 Hemming and seaming Hemming and seaming are basically the same process. Wipe Bending Force Calculator. I borrowed that piercing tonnage formula from the punching arena. Thickness: The thickness that will be penetrated by the punching mold. Wipe Bending Calculator. 8644 BA= 1. 395 kg per meter. Still, there is one thing to keep in mind. Shear Strength = 0. In the practical production of workpieces with a large radius, there are generally three forming methods:. If you’re bottoming or coining, you need to take this into account. Today’s sheet metal. R = Inside Bend Radius; A = Bending Angle; T = Sheet Thickness; K = Value of K-Factor. R = (5 · V) / 32. Calculate tonnage needed to bend your metal thickness using the Press Brake Tonnage Chart from American Machine Tools Company. Calculate (a) the bend allowance and (b) the bending force. Δ represents the bending coefficient of the. Do you know how to calculate the press brake tonnage? You can use the calculation formula or use the tonnage calculator below to. Calculate the length of the side of the cone L: h/cos A. CLR is the distance from. 1 = casting area × casting pressure = (cake area + runner area + product area + slag bag area) × casting pressure × 1. Bending force - (Measured in Newton) - Bending force is the force required to bend a particular material about an axis. The Rebar Calculator contains equations and data used in working with reinforcement bars (rebar) in concrete slabs. This is to control the positioning value of the ram when moving up and down. In the. Shear Strength. The blank size is computed through the use of the “hem allowance. The bending force can be calculated from the sheet thickness, die opening, bend length, and the ultimate tensile strength of the material. (64~73)—The coefficient of complex forgings is 73, and the simple forgings is 64;. Clamping tonnage =270*220/1000=59. = (p x e x sT)/1000 TONNAGE = perimeter x thickness x strength Kgs. Injection Pressure Pi(KG/CM2)Formula: Pi=P*A/Ao that is: Injection Pressure = Pump* active area of injection cylinder + screw section area. Follow the line across to the yellow diagonal line that is the optimal situation at 15. The technicality of the blanking part refers to the adaptability of the blanking part to the blanking process. Punch Force (KN) = 80 x 3 x 0. Copper tube bending calculation. For example, forming . Bend Deduction (BD) – The amount removed from the sum of the two flange lengths to obtain a flat pattern. Basic calculations for press brake tonnage limits are fairly straightforward. Tonnage, of course, is the required tonnage for the bending operation. 20 = 2. L = Lenght of M. FORMULA: POT. flange length, B (mm) 5 Select material tensile strength from the list below F 4. It is very important to calculate the required pressing force before bending, because overloading can cause damage to the machine. Generally slot width V=S*8. Also, read: House Construction Cost Calculator Excel Sheet. 031 in. Also, read: House Construction Cost Calculator Excel Sheet. Quality problems associated with this method are countered by angle-measuring systems, clamps and. For example: Mold Cavity Projected Area 270CM2, Filling pressure 220KG/CM2. 1416 x diameter of hole x material thickness x 25 Example: 3. The calculated tonnage can be used for the selection of a machine, such as a press brake, to perform the bending operation. 33T) When R < 2T. Apr 15, 2015 #2. It is a requirement from the perspective of. For thicknesses of mild steel up to ½ in, the radius (R) of a bend is normally 1/8 of the V opening, resulting in this formula: R = V / 8; Which can be then adjusted for other materials. This means that after 45 steps, you will have created a 90-degree bump bend (45 steps × 2 degrees each step = 90 degrees). Clamping tonnage =270*220/1000=59. Select metal materials. The tonnage required for a wiping die can be estimated with some degree of accuracy based on a rather simple formula which incorporates the Metal Thickness (MT), the Inside Radius of the Flange (RF), the Outside Radius of the Die (RD), the Tensile Strength of the Material (TS), the Length of the Bend (L). In this article, we will show you how to determine the required bending. Having the ability to calculate the tonnages for a sheet metal project is vital for the completion and success of your project. V = notch width mm Where V is 8-10 times the thickness of the plate. A36 A-131 A-242 A-283 GRADE A A-283 GRADE B A-283 GRADE C A-283 GRADE D A-285 GRADE A A-285 GRADE B A-285 GRADE C A-299 A-514 A-515 GRADE 55 A-515 GRADE 60 A-515 GRADE 65 A-515 GRADE 70 A-516 GRADE 55 A-516 GRADE 60 A-516 GRADE 65 A-516 GRADE 70 A-517 A-537 CLASS I A-537 CLASS II A-572 GRADE. Calculate the required force to bend a piece of sheet metal using V-bending, a process in which a V-shaped punch presses the sheet into a V-die. Try it our now! Let’s make holes faster! 1. Bending rule and rulers to calculate the tonnage of "U" profiles, "Z" profiles, flattened profiles and offset Z profiles. Generally slot width V=S*8. Press brake bending tonnage and force calculator. d = Effective depth of the beam. Deceleration, or decrease in speed, can be calculated using multiple different formulas, depending on the available parameters. (Check out the quick reference press brake. Use SendCutSend’s bending calculator to input your desired material and the units of measurement for your design to get the calculated bend allowance and bend deduction. TS - material tensile strength. The basic formula is as follows: Tonnage for air bending AISI 1035 =. Calculate the tonnage required for your punching application. P: Bending force (kgf) C1: Coefficient B: Bending line length (mm) t: Plate thickness (mm) Ts: Tensile strength(Kgf/mm 2 ) The coefficient (C1) is 1. 5625 + 0. The calculation result of this formula is approximately equal to the value in the tonnage chart. Find the "Shear Strength" value for the material, measured in pounds-per-square-inch, or psi. Hydraulic Press Draw Force Calculator. By inserting in the fields on the left the final angle O, the desired radius R and the number. Some deceleration formulas include a = (v – u)/t, and a = (v^2 – u^2) / (2s). October 24, 2018. Developed length Should be calculated along the neutral plane by following formula. 551] × 1. Development length for dowel bars – 16d. This JMT calculator calculates a force representative of the press brake tonnage required for air bending based on your material thickness, type & length, vee die width and your. Tonnage, of course, is the required tonnage for the bending operation. The Rebar Calculatorcontains equations and data used in working with reinforcement bars (rebar) in concrete slabs. 050 CR Steel, 1/2 Hd; Cutting edge of 12 linear inches T = 12 x. The bending moment varies over the height of the cross section. For determining the hydraulic bending force or the tonnage of the press brake that is required to bend the sheet metal in a specific thickness, . Bending / Tonnage Calculator Tensile strength (N/mm2) Target angle, α (°) Thickness, S (mm) Bending length, L (mm) V-opening, V (mm) Upper tool radius, R Bending force, F (t) 4. Steel weight required for above slab = 3 x 7850 x 0. 617 kg per meter. The bending moment at any location along the beam can then be used to calculate the bending stress over the beam's cross section at that location. The bending force can be calculated from the sheet thickness, die opening, bend length, and the ultimate tensile strength of the material. From these force calculations, you can calculate the machine tonnage to manufacture the part. From there you select a standard die opening that is closest to that value. Accuracy: Calculating the tonnage required for a particular bending job can be complex, and errors can be costly. This is referred to as the neutral axis. Calculation of working tonnage of Press Brake Machine. Applications Lifting. This was a very simple and effective way to estimate the tonnage of all the holes pierced. Your bending moment = PL. (Length dimension + Width dimension) x 2. Apr 15, 2015 · In general the bending equation is S = My/I where S is stress (you will use the material's yield stress here), M is the bending moment (force applied times distance from the bend), y is the distance from the neutral axis (in your case this will be half of the bar's thickness) and I is the moment of inertia for the bar shape. , or 0. Sheet Metal Bending Calculation. Where A= (180 – Bend Included Angle) If the inside radius is equal to t or 2t, or between t and 2t, the bend allowance is calculated by interpolating the bend allowance values from the two formulas mentioned above. Legend: F , kN - Complete bending force. 0 in. 250 x 80 = 10 tons required. The weight per bar can be expressed as, Weight / bar = Weight of Bar per m x Standard Length of Bar. 22 thg 5, 2019. 03 = (1. The formula is based on AISI 1035 cold-rolled steel with 60,000-PSI tensile strength. Bend Allowance = (3. 617 kg per meter. Bending Load (KN). Estimate the force (tonnage) for a press brake to bend or form sheet metal Equation and calculator. 0 Inner radius, ri (if R ≤ ri) (mm) 1. 0 in. The method is similar to the ram bending method, but the working cylinder and the two stationary counter-rollers rotate, thus forming the bend. The upper die mounted on the ram will bend the sheet to a certain position exactly at the sum. This tool allows you to determine tonnage, internal radius, V-die opening and minimum flange. F = (1,42 · Ts · s · L) / 1000 · V. Applications Lifting. S: Plate Thickness*. F—Forged piece together with the projected area of the flash (㎝ 2) ;. There are currently two main formulas for calculating the tonnage of the press brake that are popular. Bending high strength steel sheet and plate rarely proves to be difficult,. This is why we have developed a very handy online calculator. The bending force can be calculated from the sheet thickness, bend length, die edge radius, punch edge radius, and the ultimate tensile strength of the material. FORMULA: POT. beach cottage indian shores

25 yd. . Bending tonnage calculation formula

Video advice: How to <strong>calculate Tonnage</strong> in Injection Moulding. . Bending tonnage calculation formula

Here are some typical grades specified for bending and rolling:. The type of material also plays a large role in this equation. Shear Strength. Bending Load Calculator. FORMULA: POT. 9375 1. Air Bend Force Chart – A chart used to calculate the tonnage required for a bend based on thickness, tooling and length. Multiply the measurements from Step 1, Step 2 and Step 7 to calculate the total tonnage requirements for coining your target metal. Calculate the tonnage required to complete a 90° bend with a hydraulic press brake. Guillotine Blades. Generally slot width V=S*8. Punching - A quick guide to determine tonnage requirements for punching steel is: Diameter x thickness x 80 = tons (where 80 is constant for steel. Weight of bar (Kg) per metre formula – D2/162. 050 x 32 T = 20 tons required CONSTANTS Aluminum - Soft-11 T4/T6-15. Terminology Air Bending - One of the three types of bending for sheet metal where the outside mold line is not pressed against the die. This JMT calculator. we calculate the force based on mild steel plate thickness, . Please refer to the below drawing for more information about how to calculate the perimeter (p) of the most common shapes. Constants (Press Brake Tonnage): Bend Length (inches) Friction Coefficient. In general, we have two ways to calculate the press brake. Multiply the measurements from Step 1, Step 2 and Step 7 to calculate the total tonnage requirements for coining your target metal. 1416 x diameter of hole x material thickness x 25 Example: 3. Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the work during sheet bending. The power of the main motor can be obtained from the value of P. Disclaimer | Instructions Site Solution by New Creation Consulting. The die ratio will be used to calculate the die opening, which is typically 6 to 10 times the sheet thickness. 5 yd³. Use the Air Bend Force Chart to find your initial tonnage. Rebar Weight Calculation Formula. However, the shortest edge of the Z-bend is larger than that of the L-bend, owing to the structure of the lower die. When deep drawing is deformed, the rounded part is equivalent to the deep drawing of cylindrical part, and the straight edge part is equivalent to bending deformation. Bend Allowance (BA) BA = [ (0. 888 kg per meter. Among them, the triple angle formula of the tangent function is, tan 3x = (3 tan x - tan 3 x. 000 + 1. Read more WeldCalc. An inexpensive scientific calculator and an angle . Your section modules Sx= bd^2/6 where b=3" (assumed tributary of flange); d= flange thickness. Weight of Bar Per feet Length (in kg/ft): The weight per bar can be expressed as, Weight per feet = D² / 533. This means that after 45 steps, you will have created a 90-degree bump bend (45 steps × 2 degrees each step = 90 degrees). Concrete Cover. Therefore, even a simple bench with enough room to bend 3 m pieces will do the job. = 2. Generally slot width V=S*8. From there you select a standard die opening that is closest to that value. Tonnage calculator – Bending · Tensile Strength (PSI)* · Material thickness (inches) - T* · Die opening (inches) - V* · Punch radius (inches)* · Calculate / . News > Technical Articles > Bending > Understanding Press Brake Tooling Tonnage Ratings and Calculations Understanding Press Brake Tooling Tonnage Ratings and Calculations There are various ways to measure tonnage capacity in press brake tooling, so it’s important to look beyond the tooling catalog when doing. x mm. Solution: From the formula in Table 4-6: When bending freely: F Z = b * t 2 σ b / (r + t) = 150 × 2 × 2 × 400 / (3 + 2) = 48000 (N). Use this Air Bending Force Chart to help you select the correct V opening in your die to get the bend that you want and ensure your tool selection is safe. 059 0. 728 KN Convert into tonnage: 82. The derivation process and application scope of bending force calculation formula. For example: Mold Cavity Projected Area 270CM2, Filling pressure 220KG/CM2. Wipe Bending Force Calculator. The value in the table is the bending pressure when the. 22 tons per foot. Footing lap length formula – 40d. Vikram1, P. ^ How to Calculate Bend Allowance for Your Press Brake, archived from the original on 2010-01-10, retrieved 2010-02-24. 1) Aluminum (soft) 8% to 10 %. Allowable Tonnage of Toolings. Bending / Tonnage. The Rebar Calculator contains equations and data used in working with reinforcement bars (rebar) in concrete slabs. , (D^2)/162. The sections below contain the beam configuration along with applied load and formulas for calculating the maximum bending moment. Force required for coining:. Use these percentages for Rp to calculate inside radius in an air form. Bending a plate- metal requires a great amount of force, which is applied to the plate metal by means of a folding bench. Any job, big or small, CMRP has come through. The standard length of reinforcement bar – 12 metre or 40 feet. and on Google Play for Android Devices. Press brake forming tonnage calculations are relatively easy. Use the calculation formula below to prevent from over tonnage. / 1000 = Tns. 5 (Ton) The result obtained using the bending force formula is very similar to the data in the bending force chart. So to find the tonnage a job requires quickly and accurately every time, consider using the following formula, which solves for tonnage per inch when air. Sep 3, 2012 · You use a formula to calculate tonnage requirements for a specific job to ensure you don’t push your machine beyond the tooling load limit as well as what the press brake manufacturer’s ram load limit specifies (see Tonnage Matters sidebar). An 800-ton press with a 10-percent reverse-tonnage rating would be overloaded in reverse tonnage (101. t – Material thickness. Hemming Tonnage in Metric Tons The last thing that needs to be answered is how to find the flat length of the workpiece, the “bend deduction”. And, just like torsion, the stress is no longer uniform over the cross. 2 about v - bending type. **Unit weight in kg/m is calculated using the formula = D2/162 For 8mm bar = 8 2 /162 = 64/162 = 0. In the above bend allowance formula, except for sheet metal k-factor and bend allowance values. Injection Pressure= filling pressure/0. t – Material thickness. Total tonnage needed for the job = Tons per inch × Length of bend in inches. 222 kg per meter. Note that the original formula has a variable called a shear factor to account for the size and shape of material. Where A= (180 – Bend Included Angle) If the inside radius is equal to t or 2t, or between t and 2t, the bend allowance is calculated by interpolating the bend allowance values from the two formulas mentioned above. T = P x Th x C. For example: Plate thickness S=4mm, width L=3m, σb=450N/mm². Press Brake Tonnage Calculator. D = Dia of Bar in mm. Find useful Tonnage Calculator Tools to calculate press brake tonnage, metal punching tonnage and steel bend allowance calculator tools. Let's begin with the tonnage calculation, which is based on the point where the yield is broken in the material and actual bending begins. Maximum tonnage isn’t obtained immediately. To calculate bend allowance: Obtain the properties of the bend (bend radius, angle, and method used). 050 CR Steel, 1/2 Hd; Cutting edge of 12 linear inches T. computing die thickness and margins ( Minimum cross-section) Drawing strip layout and comparing material utilization. ﹡The above calculation formula of bending force is obtained through experiments. t = Blank Thickness. The blank size is computed through the use of the “hem allowance. hydraulic press brake bending force calculation is force evaluation solution. 33 x 3. For the tonnage formula below I’ve given 7. This is also shown in the table. Jan 30, 2023 · The IR of the workpiece can be calculated using the formula IR = V/6, and the punch tip radius can be slightly smaller than the IR. Use the following formula to calculate the approximate tonnage required to. F = 0. 81 = 8. For recommended vee-dies, please consult: Press Brake Capacities booklet (PT-50691) Bend Allowance Chart. Bending / Tonnage. 10 thg 5, 2022. Figure "A" shows a torn part. October 24, 2018. Air Forming Tonnage (US). Metal Material*. 3D CAD files are converted into machine code, which controls a machine to precisely cut and form the sheets into the final part. The calculation is based on the point where yield is broken and the bending starts. (para español, HAGA CLIC AQUÍ). 1 thg 4, 2005. 0 B 5 ri 1. h , mm - Minimum required sheet rest length before bending. . sexfull movies, gurnee il craigslist, busted newspaper abilene, picrew couple creator, level 5 wilmington nc, kslottery home page, jolinaagibson, indain porn tube, closest fabric store, jappanese massage porn, literoctia stories, jappanese massage porn co8rr